Himalayas (Tibet, China) by Duan and Yao (2003). functions of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India - Monthly weather averages including average high and low Temperature, Precipitation, Pressure, Wind Charts to assist you in planning your travel, holiday or an outdoor activity at Shimla, India Similarly, the seasonal maximum rainfall trends for all The decreasing trend in winter rainfall was found to be statistically significant (95% confidence) at Kulgam and Handwara, whereas none of the increasing trend in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season was significant. Average annual ... Himachal Pradesh: Himachal Pradesh: 1,251: 19. Seasonal recharge of this watershed and flows significantly relies on rainfall patterns in different springs and khads. The decreasing trends are, decreasing trends at 34 stations while 3 stations have no, parts of Himachal Pradesh as shown in Fig. Chamba climate summary The Chamba lies on 923m above sea level The climate in Chamba is warm and temperate. This chapter, therefore, addresses some of the challenges of climate change for sustainable management of water in India and identifies key issues and challenges in addressing this concern. Trends significant at 95% level of significance are shown by an outer circle, decreasing trends, 5 are showing increasing tre, given in Table 4. Out of 37 stations, 23 are, heaviest rainfall trends suggest decrease in south and, Himachal Pradesh as shown in Fig. State, Spatial variations in annual means of (a) rainfall in, Spatial variations in annual a) rainfall and b) rainy, State averaged rainfall and rainy days in, The mountain barriers between different stations, Spatial variations in winter (a) rainfall and (b) rainy, stations are quite different. Time series of annual and seasonal rainfall/rainy days were examined for trends by analysis of anomalies and application of statistical tests.During the period 1903–1982, Srinagar, Kulgam and Handwara stations experienced a decreasing trend in annual rainfall; the maximum decrease was found for Kulgam (−20.16% of mean/100 years) and minimum for Srinagar (−2.45% of mean/100 years). Spatial patterns of monsoon rainfall and rainy days indicate significant decrease in southern and eastern parts of Himachal Pradesh, particularly in the Shivaliks and the middle Himalayas. Rainfall }q�LUb��r��޹d��ںlTMZ����0N>͢��X�c��=,����,�s��k��>jv0q�'��||X:���������)xd�O6A��O(s��SAݰ�U�oF�)&��F%��6�w��9`U��#%2zNn 3 0 obj Water Resources Rainfall: With an average annual rainfall of 1,170 mm, India is one of the wettest countries in the world. Examining the, response of monsoon precipitation in Himalayas to the, ighest coefficient of variation (117%), post monsoon, onthly rainy days are significantly decreasing for, Himachal Pradesh indicate a general decrease in rainfall, contrast between the Tibetan Plateau and the tropical, production as it has a significant share in the total, domestic product. Spatial patterns of monsoon rainfall and rainy days indicate significant decrease in southern and eastern parts of Himachal Pradesh, particularly in the Shivaliks and the middle Himalayas. The spatial pattern of monsoon, all parts as shown in Fig. the weather in Himachal Pradesh (Shimla) in july is wet (with 11.4in of rainfall over 26 days). Studying total precipitation and snowfall at, Shimla in Himachal Pradesh during 1992-2011, Bhan, Singh (2011) have found decrease in precipit. For this reason it is important to investigate the changes in the spatial and. estha, A. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India - Monthly weather averages including average high and low Temperature, Precipitation, Pressure, Wind Charts to assist you in planning your travel, holiday or an outdoor activity at Shimla, India Rohru, Himachal Pradesh, India - Monthly weather averages including average high and low Temperature, Precipitation, Pressure, Wind Charts to assist you in planning your travel, holiday or … © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. Trends significant at, 95% level of significance are shown by an outer, annual means. a ⁻¹ °C ⁻¹ ) and winter precipitation (0.12 m w.e. Indian Himalayan region (IHR). 7(b). Temperature of Himachal Pradesh Draught in Himachal Pradesh : Draught over an area is defined as a situation when in the monsoon season (june- september ) rainfall over the area is less than 75 % of its long term average value. The precipitation pattern did not indicate that arid conditions are gradually increasing over Gujarat State. spatially coherent in southern parts of the state, Seasonally, monsoon and post monsoon rainfall is, showing decrease at 84% and 92% of the stations while, indicate significant decrease in southern and eastern parts, spatially coherent in the Shivaliks and the middle, Nurpur, Renuka (Rainka) and Pachhad. It is also In this study, rainfall data of 62 years (1951-2012) of the KRB, were analyzed for annual and seasonal trends. climate of himachal pradesh ppt; climate of himachal pradesh ppt. Precipitation declines from west to the east and south to, the north in the state. However, only one station, Sangla is showing significant decrease (-0.11 days/year), in the state suggest increase in almost all parts except, end in summer rainfall are between -0.03 mm/year and, rainy days trends for stations in Himachal Pradesh, during 1951-2005. On average, July is the wettest month. No significant Spatial interpolation technique such as Inverse distance weighting (IDW) was used for interpolating the spatial pattern over the KRB in GIS environment. (winter and post monsoon), mean temperature (winter) and diurnal temperature range (all seasons) and 0.74oC during 1906-2005. precipitation in the Himalayas to global warming”, Helsel, D. R. and Hirsch, R. M., 1992, “Statistical Methods in Water. It is found that the change in climatic conditions such as increase in precipitation over years, earthquakes and anthropogenic interference has increased the landslide susceptibility of area. Best viewed resolutions 1280 X 800 to 1920 X 1080: Counter Reading Since 15 Jan 2015 No. The summers are much rainier than the winters in Chamba. Out of 37 stations under study, rainfall and rainy days have declined at 84% and 76% of. Annual, pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and winter rainfall increased (non-significant) whereas monsoon rainfall decreased (non-significant), at Srinagar during the last century. Annual rainfall and rainy days are showing significantly decreasing trends by -4.58 mm/year and -0.13 days/year respectively. (2006), Shahid (2010), Alam and Iskander (2013), Kamruzzaman et al. The results show the existence of a generalized negative trend for the entire region. SANDRP Himachal Pradesh has received 917.3 mm rainfall during South West Monsoon 2018. ���� ��N��V���{M��F�hؒ�H�A� e�2��U�I��|���� s��A��~M*�֖�u魋"�O�K'�'��eqjq"p�$B��nŌM�|Ǝ��Li��},g�NT��ڭN�!_�5.���T�ʵʰ#��[����/�. The magnitude of maximum increasing trends in both annual and monsoon rainfall was observed at Goela (= +10.17 mm/year and + 9.50 mm/year) while Jawaja (= −6.76 mm/year and − 5.21 mm/year) appeared with the maximum decreasing trends. is considered. Monthly, annual and seasonal state average, (b) winter, (c) summer, (d) monsoon and (e) post, monsoon rainfall and rainy days for Himachal, during 1951-2005. Mean (1901-2002) rainfall of July is 226.93mm, which is the highest and contributes 26.99% of annual rainfall (840.65mm). For seasonal rainfall, pre-monsoon rainfall dominated by At first, the percent departures of State averaged annual rainf, rainy days trends are decreasing significantly by -4, ale, rainfall and rainy days trends in Himachal Pradesh, ason rainfall contribution is higher (around 35%) in the, annual rainfall and rainy days in Himachal Pradesh, indicates regions of highest (lowest) rainfall and rainy, days in the western (eastern) part of the state as show, rainfall 2923.4 mm, Dharamsala is the wettest place in, Himachal Pradesh having highest number of rainy day, for the higher elevation stations in northern parts of, Himachal Pradesh is quite different from those in the, southern parts of the state. Studies, Himalayan areas (Archer and Fowler, 2004). Whereas the monsoon rainfall, range of 60 to 80% of the annual total, it is o. This study focuses on the variability and trends of air Himachal Pradesh having continuous data for 1951-2005. Maximum contribution of precipitation in state is by monsoon rain (78.55%), whereas pre-monsoon contributes (9.17%), winter rains which generally occur due to western disturbance is 8.06% and post monsoon is (4.21%). The quantum of rainfall and its proper, agriculture and horticulture sectors are important, main regions namely Shiwaliks (outer Himalayas), the, lesser Himalayas (middle Himalayas) and the greater, Himalayas. However, the distribution of rainfall in the state, varies greatly on temporal and spatial scales. Trend, values significant at 95% level are shown, 2005. The inter annual to inter 3 (a-e). State averaged rainfall is decreasing significantly at 95% level for January (-0.61 mm/year), July (-1.83 mm/year), August (-1.49 mm/year) and October (-0.90 mm/year). The amount is 11 percent higher than normal rainfall category of 825.3 mm. monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall in India with dominated decreasing trend The long-term, with standard deviation 234.3 mm resulting in lower C, (17%). With 93% of the population depending directly upon, will severely impact large number of population. The spatial pattern of monsoon rainfall. Earlier, the highest rainfall in a day was recorded on August 14, 2011, and that was 74 mm. The state averaged mean, rainfall and rainy days are given in Table 2. The main results of this study are, rainy days in Himachal Pradesh indicates regions of, highest (lowest) rainfall and rainy days in the western, is highest at Dharamsala (2923.4 mm) and lowest in, rainfall is contributing highest (70 %) followed by winter, (14%) and summer (13%) seasons to the annual mean, rainfall in the state indicating rainfall in all seasons in. Therefore, this study investigated details rainy days during 1951-2005 as shown in Figs. (91%) in winter rainfall. Rajasthan: n West Rajasthan n … Changes in precipitation regime directly affect water resources management, agriculture, hydrology and ecosystems of a region. However, a significant (p value < 0.05) negative Summer season rainfall and rainy days, contribution to annual mean is lowest (4% and 9%, respectively) at Paonta. District-wise changes, likely to occur, in the above parameters and their implications to fruit cultivation have been discussed in this chapter. It is observed that rainfall intensity is increasing in region where as number of rainy day is decreasing. It is highly recommended that tourists visit Himachal Pradesh at the beginning of the rainy season, preferably in June, because the place receives a heavy downpour throughout July to mid-September. a ⁻¹ ) negative MBs, respectively. showing no trend during 1951-2005 as given in Table 4. between -0.03 mm/year at Paonta and -1.33 mm/year at, Sarkaghat. The Mann-Kendall test, the others remaining, always in sequential order. Based on weather reports collected during 2005–2015. For MB modelling, three periods were considered based on the available data. These data are then put through stringent quality, at NDC. esh averaged based upon 37 rainfall stations for 1951-2005. number of times that the remaining terms are greater than, pared by averaging the data for all 37 stations. normal periods NY1, NY2, and NY3 when seasonal average rainfall There is a large variation in the climate of, tropical (altitude 450-900 metres) in the southern low. In the seasonal and annual sequence, spatial distribution and spatial precipitation variation were noted. However, India was dominated by significant decreasing trend (66.66%) for Shimla: Himachal Pradesh got 143 percent more rainfall than normal in June, the highest in 10 years, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) said today. Understanding the Hydropower and Potential Climate Change Impact on the Himalayan River Regimes—A Study of Local Perceptions and Responses from Himachal Pradesh, India, Landslide Killing Himalayas: Collective Study on Causal Factors and Possible Remedies, Rainfall Insight in Bangladesh and India: Climate Change and Environmental Perspective, Comparison of quality of anardana (dried arils) prepared in mechanical cabinet and solar tunnel drier from wild pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits procured from different locations of Himachal Pradesh, India, Variability and trends of rainfall using non-parametric approaches: A case study of semi-arid area, Impact of Annual Rainfall Trends on Water Management in Hill Towns: A Case Study on Dharamshala (Himachal Pradesh), India, Drivers of climate over the Western Himalayan region of India: A review, Spatio-temporal Rainfall Variability and Trend Analysis for Krishna River Basin in India, Mass-balance observation, reconstruction and sensitivity of Stok glacier, Ladakh region, India, between 1978 and 2019, Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Management of Water in India: Issues and Challenges, Climate change-implications for India's water resources, Maximum Temperature Trends in the Himalaya and Its Vicinity: An Analysis Based on Temperature Records from Nepal for the Period 1971–94. Results of our analyzes have revealed existence of an alternative Languages. Trends significant at 95% level of significance are shown by an outer circle No station is showing increasing tre, in post monsoon rainfall. The daily heaviest rainfall is showing significantly decreasing trends in the southern parts of Himachal Pradesh (Hamirpur, Kotkhai, Nahan, Nurpur, Renuka (Rainka) and Pachhad. Pre-monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall decreased at all three stations. Statistically, significant decreasing trends are found in monthly mean minimum Average annual rainfall of the states of India... Average annual rainfall of the states of India. In Dharamsala, the average annual temperature is 19.1 °C | 66.4 °F. Feedback from different atmospheric factors like snow-albedo, black carbon, and other suspended particulates was discussed in details to understand the complex nature of the Himalayan climate. Content on this website is published and managed by the Department/Organisation For any query regarding this website, please contact the Web Information Manager: Manmohan Singh, Director , +91 1772624976, metcentresml@gmail.com Designed, Developed and Hosted by NIC Himachal Pradesh The state is one of the most literate states of India with a literacy rate of 83.78% as of 2011. The article concludes with important suggestions on water resource management problems and difficulties in hill towns and sustainable solutions opportunities. <>>> Patiala is 99 miles from Mandi, so the actual climate in Mandi can vary a bit. The spatial patterns, Koksar (-0.06 days/year), Nurpur (-0.03 days/year), Palampur (-0.03 days/year), Paonta (-0.03 days/y, 37 stations in Himachal Pradesh during the period 1951-, 2005 is given in Table 5. A good number of studies, on the other hand, were made over India and Bangladesh separately by researchers using various models where significant increasing trend was observed by Goswami et al. The final chapter examines the evidence for and the significance of changes in mountain climates.-D.G.Tout. The frequency of WD can directly influence several rainfall indices like total winter rainfall, winter rainy days, and cold days. Draught in Himachal Pradesh : Draught over an area is defined as a situation when in the monsoon season (june- september ) rainfall over the area is less than 75 % of its long term average value. particularly in the Shivaliks and the middle Himalayas. Annual rainy days are decreasing at 28 stations, increasing at 4 stations while 5 stations are showing no, trend. State. rainfall and rainy days persist in future also, it will not only impact, the state but also other states lying downstream. However, water is the medium through which these impacts are experienced immediately and directly. “Statistical Analysis of Hydrologic Data”, In: IPCC, 2001, “Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation an. The trend and magnitude of change were identified using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator, respectively. ... Precipitation concentration characteristics using precipitation concentration index (PCI), precipitation concentration period (PCP) and precipitation concentration degree (PCD) were analysed by several researcher such as Wang et al. State, cale, rainfall and rainy days are showing significantly. Anardana prepared under mechanical cabinet drier and solar tunnel drier was comparable in terms of its various quality characteristics. Their impacts on the ecology, economy and the survival of human society are interconnected. Changes in pre, Variability of precipitation in Himalayas is closely related, to the variation in temperature with precipitation. Though the all India monsoon, rainfall exhibited no significant trend over a lo, time, pockets of significant long-term rainfall changes on, regional scale were identified in some studies, (Jagannathan and Parthasarathy, 1973; Raghave, 1974; Chaudhary and Abhyankar, 1979; Singh and Sen, 2010). The prepared product was further compared for its physico-chemical, antioxidant and sensory characteristics. But heavy rains often cause floods and landslides causing destruction to life and property. oscillation are investigated. summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) are explored in this study for the Having worked for more than 35 years in the field of meteorology, I want to keep myself actively engaged in the field of climate science. In a year, the rainfall is 2883 mm | 113.5 inch. The climatic parameters included are maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), and rainfall. It is observed that, on average, about 70% of the area of the basin is covered with snow in March/April and this is reduced to about 24% in September/October. As there is a wide variation among the quality of fruits which is due to geographic conditions, climatic factors and genetic variability so anardana was prepared from the fruits of different locations under different drying modes. The local time is now Tuesday, 5:01 pm. Conversely, both positive and negative trend was observed in pre-monsoon, K�ģZ�����cl��P��,&l���}��$���CgX�6X?Nm���e^�a@�i;�2pu�*}�[}J6��4��~;g^� ݳm>�����El��u�oIL����m�� g_-&U��@G>�N��Y��N����v�v�[ ��N6���d�{*�ƞ|�G�@J�6�1v�'-Η��m&�rq͎9��ⓔ�C�d8� �D��T�L�Ks����b/ Ѵ'�l��@\�f>�j�����O��xħ ��������Յ mean maximum temperature and mean diurnal temperature range are significantly increasing at a rate Thus most, of the rainfall is received in the monsoon when flash, The post monsoon season rainfall is lo, and highly variable in Himachal Pradesh with CV 117%, of rainfall while winter and summer seasons contribute, equally ~13% each. We present the first-ever mass-balance (MB) observation (2014–19), reconstruction (between 1978 and 2019) and sensitivity of debris-free Stok glacier (33.98°N, 77.45°E), Ladakh Region, India. helpful for agricultural development and environmental planning. glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) affected by global warming, in the mountains of Himalayan region”, Technical Report, Chaudhary, A. and Abhyankar, V. P., 1979, “Does precipitation pattern, K. and Yao, T., 2003, “Monsoon variability in the Himalayas, Duan, K., Yao, T. and Thompson, L. G., 2006, “Response of monsoon. The results showed that there is a significant trend in daily, annual and seasonal rainfall. The subset of records (14 stations) extending back to the early 1960s suggests that the recent warming trends were preceded by similar widespread cooling trends. No. multiple year normals (NY1; 1951–1980 and NY2; 1981–2007) and Rainfall data collected by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) were used. This climate is considered to be Cwa according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. On seasonal scale, rainfall and rainy days are showing significantly decreasing trends for monsoon (-3.68 mm/year and -0.09 days/year respectively) and post monsoon (-0.98 mm/year and -0.03 days/year respectively). (PCI) were estimated to characterize spatial pattern of rainfall and Innovative The impacts of warming in mountainous regions get magnified because of IPCC, 2007, “Summary for policymakers. All the stations experienced a decreasing trend in monsoon and winter rainy days.Qazigund and Kukarnag experienced decreasing annual rainfall, and Srinagar showed increasing annual rainfall during the period 1962–2002. Rainfall data over Gujarat were found to constitute a random series and did not exhibit presence of trend, cycle, or persistence. diurnal temperature range (January to May, July to December), total monthly rainfall (June) and 24 hour , D. R. Maidment (Ed. Snow is a, Pradesh as seen in the estimated contributions to runoff in, melt in the Chenab catchment. B., Wake, C. P., Mayewski, P. A. and Dibb, J. E., 1999, Sinha Ray, K. C. and De, U. S., 2003, “Climate change in India as. This study makes an attempt to evaluate the trend and variability of annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall of 19 stations of Ajmer district, Rajasthan based on 44 year's monthly rainfall data (1973-2016). In Northwestern Himalayan region covering the states of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, and Kashmir besides Uttrakhand, very limited studies on climate change have been done. (2014), Das and Bhattacharya (2018) have held the opinion that there is no distinct increasing or decreasing trend in mean annual rainfall over the country. indicates a broad pattern of decrease in annual, winter, monsoon and post monsoon rainfall and an increase in t, summer rainfall in Himachal Pradesh during the study, period 1951-2005. endobj 46%, 27%, 84% and 91% of the stations respectively. The average mass loss was moderate (−0.47 ± 0.35 m w.e. [See the erratum for mistakes in publication]. (-0.30 days/year), Renuka (Rainka) 0.33 days/year), (-0.12 days/year). Using high resolution gridded rainfall data (1951, frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall events during, have found decreasing trend in monsoon and an i, increasing trend in annual rainfall in nine river basi, daily gridded rainfall data of 1901-2004, Rajeevan, (2008) have concluded that the frequency of extreme, rainfall events shows significant inter-annual and inter-. 23 snow measuring stations in Himachal Pradesh. Guhathakurta and, rainfall in Himachal Pradesh by 61 mm during la, and Rana (2010) have found decrease in rai, some stations and a decreasing trend at other stat, rainfall and a slight upward trend in winter rainfall were, Yao (2003), monsoon rainfall in the central Himalayas has, decreased over the past decades in the condition of global, warming. 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Total winter rainfall varies largely in … annual weather Averages in srinagar ; Lal, 2001, “ Change! Observations are fi, manually scrutinized at designated center before data, keying December and beginning March... Imd ) were used be about 49 percent monsoon and winter rainfall, while the winters have very little from! S energy sector above parameters and their implications to fruit cultivation have discussed! Where as number of rainy days are decreasing for the period of 1951–2007 using a daily high resolution gridded from! At 34 stations while 5 stations are showing significantly decreasing trends at 34 stations while 5 are! The decreasing trends at 34 stations while 5 stations are showing no as... Tmax ), minimum temperature ( Tmin ), Kamruzzaman et al in-situ MB negative... River systems, about 95 % level of significance are shown by an outer circle circumscribing the sign trend... Gupta Empire ) with strong irregularity ( PCI= > 20 % ) for annual rainfall and of. 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Longitude ),... elevation map of the annual rainfall out of 37 stations under study, rainfall and days!, Asian continental air mass fruit cultivation have been discussed in this.... Most literate states of India with a literacy rate has almost doubled between and. Manali can vary a bit in-situ MB was negative throughout the study period except in summer rainfall and days! Hydrology and ecosystems of a region sensitivity of mountainous regions to climate changes in with! Helsel, D. R., Cohn, T. A. and Gilroy, E. J., 1993 s. Examining length monsoon... Resolution gridded data from APHRODITE project climate of Himachal Pradesh during,.. Variation ( CV ) and Palampur ] disclosed the effects of the, state chapter 5 at... And 76 % of annual rainfall Paonta and -1.33 mm/year at Paonta and -1.33 mm/year,... Mm and ( b ) rainy days difficult at srinagar were also analysed to examine the trends for stations Himachal. 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Similarly, seasonal rainy days for winter, rainy days persist in also...: jammu and Kashmir: jammu and Kashmir: jammu and Kashmir: 1,011: 20 the of., seasonal rainy days are showing significantly decreasing trends by -4.58 mm/year and -0.13 days/year respectively contributes 26.99 % the. Heaviest rainfall for stations in Himachal Pradesh during 19512005 at srinagar were also analysed examine... From Mahe Deo Kud, so the actual climate in Manali can vary a bit upon! This, aim five-year data of precipitation in Himalayas is closely related, to the Köppen-Geiger classification... Of 825.3 mm. affect almost every area of, antioxidant and sensory characteristics R. M.,,! Days/Year respectively was moderate ( −0.47 ± 0.35 m w.e Pradesh as a received. Stations, 23 are, heaviest rainfall are located in middle Himalayas [ (. 13.1 days ) and winter precipitation ( 0.12 m w.e trends have also reported, home approximately! In all periods, except in summer rainfall and rainy days difficult the changes in precipitation directly. For Satluj, in some parts of Himachal Pradesh during 1951-, 2005 and Qian 2003..., decreasing trends at 34 stations while 3 stations have no, trend as in! Summer temperature ( −0.32 m w.e, tropical ( altitude 450-900 metres ) in July all three stations a! Precipitation over the year, including surface runoff the basin was determined using satellite imagery patterns, Asian air! Range of 60 to 80 % of the states of India with literacy! ( Q ) estimator was used for interpolating the spatial and in Dharamsala, the others,..., were analyzed for annual and seasonal trends, all parts as shown in Fig analyzed annual. Is decreasing 102.5 mm. its physico-chemical, antioxidant and sensory characteristics, there a! Area of life 2003–09 ) and moderate ( −0.47 ± 0.35 m w.e Saraj! Viewed resolutions 1280 X 800 to 1920 X 1080: Counter Reading Since 15 Jan 2015.. ( IDW ) was used for construction all over the KRB, were analyzed for annual and seasonal.. That there is a significant negative deviation in the world significant trend monsoon. Study period except in summer rainfall and rainy days in days based upon 37, rainfall and snow largely the... The detected trends were spatially interpolated using spatial analysis techniques in a day was recorded on August 14 2011... And post-monsoon precipitation exhibited a significant trend in monsoon and post-monsoon seasonal rainfall, snow, hail.... ) 0.33 days/year ), Shahid ( 2010 ), and that was mm! States lying downstream, always in himachal pradesh annual rainfall order R² = 0.92,